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Robert's Articles in Medicine

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  • Drug Combinations For High Blood Pressure
    Use of two to three drugs is common in the treatment of high BP and fixed dose combinations are available. Some commonly used combinations are given in the table below.
  • Medcines and Drugs to Be Avoided During Pregnancy and Breast Feeding
    Adverse effects of drugs vary with the age of the unborn in the uterus. To know more about these, the nine months period of pregnancy can be divided into two phases:
  • Medicines and Drugs for Treatment of Common Skin Disorders
    Acne (Pimples)

    Acne or pimples is a very distressing skin disorder which affects adolescents and young people. As a rule, it is often genetically predisposed. It regresses with time but in some people it people it may become very severe, disfiguring the face and leaving a permanent scares.
  • Drugs and Medicines Used in Disorders of The Heart
    Diltiazem (Dilzem 30 mg, Dilzem SR 90 mg)

    Its action on the heart rate is less than verapamil. It decreases blood pressure to a lesser extent than nifedipine. It relieves spasms of coronary arteries. It is also useful in PAT (Paoxysmal Atrial Tachycardia).
  • Medicines Used to Treat Eye Diseases
    Glaucoma

    Glaucoma is a condition in which the tension inside the eyeball is raised causing damage to the innermost layer of eye i.e. retina.
  • Drug Therapy in Elderly
    With altered organ-functions, the effects and efficient removal of drugs is affected in elderly. Elderly are more likely to experience adverse effects of drugs. They may not be able to tolerate full doses of drugs.
  • Medications and Drugs Used in Tuberculosis
    Streptomycin
    This was the first drug introduced for the treatment of tuberculosis. It must be given by injection, as it is not absorbed through the intestines. This limits its long-term use. It is. bactericidal for extracellular (including cavity) tubercle bacilli through a direct action of inhibiting protein synthesis.
  • Medicines and Drugs Used in Migraine
    Migraines,headaches which involve intense throbbing pain, sometimes accompanied by visual disturbances as well as sensitivity to light and sounds, have been found to respond to a drug hitherto used to treat high blood pressure.
  • Drugs For Major Mental Illnesses Treatment
    Anti-psychotics (major tranquillizers) are used for the treatment of serious mental disorders. These agents bring about tranquility, peace and calmness of mind. These drugs are also called neuroleptic agents and have been introduced entirely as a result of research by pharmaceutical companies.
  • Medicines Used in Heart Failure
    It is a very potent drug used orally and intravenously to treat severe CHF and oedema in lungs due to Left Heart Failure. Usual dose is 40 to 80 mg per day. Drug causes loss of electrolytes, particularly potassium. Therefore, it is necessary to get extra potassium (as potassium chloride) during its regular use.
  • Medicines and Drugs Used in Amoebiasis and Other Protozoal Infections
    This is a related drug to metronidazole but has the advantage of a longer duration of action, thus reducing the frequency of intake. The duration of treatment is shorter. Its adverse effects and precautions are similar to metronidazole but the cure rate is higher. It has a few adverse effects like metallic taste and nausea.
  • Drugs For Migraine Treatment
    This drug blocks the receptors for the neurochemical serotonin in the brain and prevents dilatation of the blood vessels which cause a headache - most important factors in preventing migraine. It also has antihistamine and anti-acetylcholine effects. Its efficacy is low.
  • Parkinson's Disease Medicines - Drugs For Parkinson's Disease
    Levodopa is the drug of first preference in the treatment of Parkinson's disease. It is a precursor of dopamine, a neurochemical, which is deficient In the brain of patients of this disase. Levodopa travels easily to the brain and gets converted into dopamine. This drug provides 50% relief in more than half the patients.
  • Drugs Used in Malaria For It's Treatment
    These drugs originate from a Chinese plant and are effective in cerebral malaria and in chloroquine-resistant falciparum malaria. These drugs are potent and rapid-acting and their use is increasing.
  • Drugs To Treat Constipation
    Magnesium Hydroxide (Milk of magnesia 8% suspension). This is a mild purgative which can be used even in pregnant women and children. It absorbs water from the intestines to form the bulk and make the stools soft. Besides purgative action, it counteracts acidity in the stomach.
  • Drugs for Epileptic Disorders Treatment
    Primidone, which is a deoxybarbiturate, is a useful agent in the treatment of grand mal and psychomotor epilepsy. It is generally given in combination with diphenylhydantoin in order to achieve better results in the treatment of grand mal epilepsy and myoclonic seizures.
  • Drugs Used to Treat Tuberculosis
    It is an antibiotic which has revolutionized the treatment of tuberculosis in recent years. It kills the bacteria (bactericidal effect). It attacks the nucleus of the bacterial cell (causing disappearance of its ribosome). Bacterial resistance to rifampicin can be reduced by combining it with isoniazid or other drugs as described hereafter.
  • Drugs Used in Tuberculosis
    A significant advancement in the treatment of tuberculosis has taken place in recent years. The development of resistance to drugs is prevented by using two or more drugs. The long duration of treatment (1 to 2 years) has been shortened by the introduction of short course chemotherapy.
  • Drugs for Peptic Ulcer
    These drugs have completely changed the management of acid peptic disorders. General effects of these drugs are a marked reduction in stomach acid production in response to meals and other stimuli is observed. Usually ulcers heal with adequate doses and there is no disturbance of the bowel activity.
  • Treatment and Drugs For Constipation
    If a person suffering from constipation has been taking purgatives, these should be stopped gradually. The system will probably return to normal by taking enough soups, vegetables, and fruits. However, a worrying type individual may need to take mild laxatives as a temporary measure.
  • Antibiotics Medicines and Antifungal Drugs
    Selection of Antibiotics: Before selecting an antibiotic, the presence of infection must be establishment as also the indispensability of the use of an antibiotic. To employ an antibiotic in case of just any fever is not justified. Once it is certain that an antibiotic must be used, the choice of antibiotic becomes cirtical.
  • Drugs and Medicines to Treat High Blood Pressure
    All the tissues and organs of the body need nourishment in the form of oxygen, glucose, and minerals for their normal functioning. This nourishment is carried by the blood to various sites through the blood vessels by the pumping action of the heart. With each contraction of the heart, blood is pushed into the arteries.
  • Medicines and Drugs Used in Amoebiasis
    Amoebiasis is a worldwide disease, particularly common in tropical countries and places where public hygiene and sanitation are poor. Amoebic infection is caused by an organism, Entamoeba histolytica (EH) which usually spreads through contaminated food and water.
  • Diabetes Medicines and Drugs
    These drugs decrease the intestinal absorption of carbohydrates, promote their oxidation in the tissues, and also reduce conversion of fats and proteins into glucose in the liver. They reduce elevated blood glucose levels only and do not produce hypoglycemia (fall in blood glucvose levels below normal).
  • Malaria Medicines and Drugs
    Precautions. It should not be used in patients with a history of epilepsy or any psychiatric disorder. It should not be used in children below two years. Avoid its use with quinine, quinidine or any other drugs which may cause disturbance of heart beat before or after mefloquine. It should not be used during pregnancy. Driving or operating any machinery should be avoided.
  • Drugs Used in Common Eye Diseases
    Blindness is a major health problem the world over. It is estimated that there are approximately 50,000,000 blind persons in the world and another approximately 150,000,000 with diminished or impaired vision who are unable to function effectively. The factors causing visual disability, are discussed briefly in this chapter.
  • Epileptic Disorders Medicines and Drugs
    This drug belongs to the category of iminostilbenes and is used in the treatment of psychomotor and grand mal epilepsy. Nowadays it is considered as the drug of first choice for grand-mal epilepsy. It provides partial or complete relief to at least 65% of the patients.
  • Treatment and Drugs For Peptic Ulcers
    General measures consist of physical and mental rest, and control of diet. The diet should be bland in nature, and comprise small and frequent meals. In an acute peptic ulcer a meal consisting mainly of milk given frequently.
  • Medicines and Drugs Used in Parkinson Disease Treatment
    You only have to see a patient of Parkinson's disease once to be able to make an instantaneous diagnosis of this disease in another. The symptoms are distinct. James Parkinson after whom the disease is named, was the first to give a complete account of this disease in 1817: He described it thus:
  • Migraine Medicines and Drugs
    Dihydroergotamine Mesylate (Dihydergot, DHE 45). This can be used by the intramuscular or intravenous route. Its effect is less pronounced than ergotamine. Only a small percentage of persons respond to this drug.
  • Mental Depression Medicines
    New Generation Anti-depressants : Due to a large number of side-effects caused by the tricyclic antidepressants and the monoamine oxidase inhibitors, efforts have been made by pharmaceutical research groups to bring out newer and safer drugs.
  • Medicines to be Used in Infective Diarrhea and Severe Diarrhea
    The drugs in this group are used for overcoming diarrhea due to infection. These include furazolidone, sulfonamides, and antibiotics.
  • Drugs Used in Epileptic Disorders
    You may have witnessed a typical roadside scene where a person has suddenly fallen down and people have gathered around him, saying that he has had an attack of mirgi (the Hindi name for epilepsy). Epilepsy is characterized by fits with loss or disturbance of consciousness, leading to an inability to maintain posture.
  • Drugs Used in Disorders of the Heart
    The heart is a unique organ in our body. It pumps blood to all parts of body untiringly and continuously. Do you know how the heart gets its energy? Not from the blood in its cavities but from special blood vessels which penetrate into its muscles and are called coronary arteries.
  • Medicines to be Used in Mental Depression Treatment
    Tricyclic antidepressants are commonly used in the treatment of mental depression. The exact mechanism of action is not known.
  • Medicines and Drugs Used in Major Mental Illnesses Treatment
    Mental illness is one of the most complicated disorders about which very little is known. No one likes to be labelled as mentally sick. In India, mental illness is a stigma, and the relatives of usually try to keep the patient isolated.
  • Medicines Used in Migraine Treatment
    An attack of migraine may last for several hours and varies in severity. In some, attack is mild and required simple pain relievers.
  • Medicines For Heart Failure Treatment
    The heart pumps blood, which supplies nourishment to all parts of the body, including itself.
  • Medicines to be Used in Peptic Ulcers
    India is known for its wide variety of cuisine. A large number of condiments and many varieties of chilies are used to titillate the palate, and so, we often tend to overeat. This gives rise to sour eructations, indigestion, and a stomach upset, and we look for an antacid, to set it right.
  • Drugs and Medicine Used in Malaria
    About two decades ago it was thought that malaria had been eradicated from India. However, recently, there has been a resurgence of this disease.
  • Drugs Used in Mental Depression
    All of us go through cyclic variations in moods - sometimes happy and cheerful, and at other times, sad and depressed. Do we always need drugs when we are depressed?
  • Drugs and Medicine Used in Migraine
    When the first edition of this book was published 26 years ago we thought that in a few years there will be clear cut knowledge on the cause of migraine and specific treatment will be found out.
  • Drugs and Medicine for Treatment of Constipation
    Most people are extremely particular about two rituals every morning: defecation and a bath. One of the most important concerns relating to cleansing of the bowels daily is the belief, that all ailments from ague to plague are caused by constipation and if the bowel is not cleansed at least once a day, purgatives are necessary.
  • Drugs and Medicine for Treatment of Diabetes
    Diabetes or diabetes mellitus (DM) is a condition in which there is absolute or a relative lack of insulin in the body. Insulin, a hormone synthesized and secreted by the pancreas, is responsible for controlling the circulating levels of the blood sugar (glucose).
  • Drugs and Medicine for Treatment of Diarrhea
    Diarrhea may be non-specific as is caused by fear, anxiety or apprehension, and indigestion. People on the move are often afflicted with traveller's diarrhoea due to the change in environment. Specific diarrhea is caused by infection in the intestines, a systemic disease, or by drugs.
  • Drugs and Medicine for Treatment of Asthma
    The best description of asthma is given in a story of a patient who came to a doctor and gasped. 'Doctor, if you can take my air out, I swear, I will never breathe in again.' During an asthmatic attack there is difficulty in breathing, more especially in breathing air out.
  • Drugs and Medicine for Treatment of High Blood Pressure
    There were hardly any drugs for the treatment of this condition. It was only in the latter half of the last century, that medical science made rapid advancements, and today drugs allow a hypertensive patient to live a near normal life are available.
  • Drugs and Medicine for Treatment of Sleeplessness
    Nitrazepam is effective in initiating and maintaining sleep even when used for a prolonged period. It produces sleep like natural sleep, that is, it does not inhibit REM sleep which is a part of natural sleep.
  • Drugs for Treatment of Fungal Infections
    Chaya, a young lady, consulted a gynaecologist for a infection in the groin. A corticosteroid ointment (Betnoyate) was prescribed. She did not get any significant relief and returned to hospital after a week. She was asked to continue the same treatment.
  • Drugs for Treatment of Common Skin Disorders
    The skin may not appear to be as vital as the heart or the brain, but, nevertheless, a healthy skin is essential for life and a skin disease can make life unbearable.
  • Medicines For Nausea and Vomiting
    Nausea is a desire to vomit, which mayor may not culminate in vomiting. Vomiting sometimes serves a useful purpose by getting rid of noxious substances from the stomach, but often leads to troublesome and deleterious consequences.
  • Drugs Used in Diabetes - Choice of Insulin
    The choice of an insulin depends upon the condition of the patient. In emergencies such as diabetic coma, crystalline insulin (only soluble insulin) is preferred because of its quick onset of action. It is repeated at 6-hour intervals given intravenously usually, until the situation is under control.
  • Anxiety Medicines - Drugs Used in Anxiety
    These are tranquillo-sedative drugs which fall into the category of benzodiazepines and have gained tremendous popularity. Since these drugs are known to counteract anxiety and tension, they have been indiscriminately used by both the patients and the physicians.
  • Drugs Used in Diarrhea
    Diarrhea is one of the great killers of children in India. It is characterized by frequent passage of liquid or semisolid stools and may be accompanied by abdominal (gripping) pain.
  • Drugs to Be Avoided During Pregnancy and Breast Feeding
    Pregnancy is a normal physiological phenomenon in women. It is accompanied by changes in the body giving rise to certain abnormal symptoms like nausea, vomiting, and discomfort.
  • Drugs Used for Overcoming Sleeplessness
    Sleep, like wakefulness, is a natural phenomenon. Humans spend almost one-third of their lifetime sleeping. During sleep the activity of the brain is altered, but not completely suppressed. It is an accepted fact that periodically the body needs rest.
  • Drugs Used in Cough
    A cough is a sudden expiratory thrust of air from the lungs. It is essentially a protective reflex.
  • Drugs Used in Anxiety
    First of all, let us understand what we really mean by 'anxiety'. In medical terminology, the meaning of this word is somewhat different from what it is used for in everyday life
  • Drugs Used in Allergy
    The word 'allergic' is often used loosely and has become almost a part of our general conversation. In a way it has become synonymous with 'dislike'.
  • Asthma Drugs - Medicines Used in Bronchial Asthma
    Bronchial asthma is characterised by chronic inflammation of the bronchial tubes resulting in narrowing of the airways. Any kind of inhaled stimulus, such as air pollutants, strong odours, tobacco smoke, etc can trigger coughing and wheezing.
  • Drugs that Prevent Nausea and Vomiting
    A single or a few doses of phenothiazines and other drugs can be used for symptomatic treatment of nausea and vomiting. These agents are very effective in preventing vomiting due to any underlying cause.
  • Drugs For Enhancing Brain Functional Capacity
    While the use of CNS stimulants has declined due to non-specific nature of their actions, a new class of drugs called 'Cerebral Activators' has been introduced. It is claimed that these drugs improve the brain functions particularly in dementia - a condition of brain characterized by loss of intellect and memory, and may have a role in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease.
  • Lower Cholesterol Levels Drugs
    The blood circulating in the body consists of blood cells and a straw coloured liquid called plasma. Plasma is made up chiefly of proteins and water, and fats (lipids) are carried with these proteins.
  • Zonisamide Syrup (Zonisamide capsule) Information
    Zonisamide medication belong to Anticonvulsant/Sulfonamide class. Zonisamide may produce anticonvulsant effects through action at sodium and calcium channels. Zonisamide is used in the adjunctive therapy in the treatment of partial seizures in adult epileptic patients.
  • Zolpidem Tartrate Syrup (Zolpidem Tartrate capsule) Information
    Zolpidem Tartrate medication belong to Sedative and hypnotic class. Zolpidem Tartrate helps in the mechanism is unknown but may involve subunit modulation of the aminobutyrate activase (GABA) receptor chloride channel macromolecular complex
  • Zolmitriptan Syrup (Zolmitriptan capsule) Information
    Zolmitriptan medication belong to Analgesic/Migraine class. Zolmitriptan selective agonist for the vascular serotonin (5-HT) receptor subtype, causing vasoconstriction of cranial arteries and inhibition of pro-inflammatory neuropeptide release.
  • Zoledronic Acid Syrup (Zoledronic Acid capsule) Information
    Zoledronic Acid medication belong to Bisphosphonate class. Zoledronic Acid inhibition of bone resorption.
  • Ziprasidone Syrup (Ziprasidone capsule) Information
    Ziprasidone medication belong to Atypical Antipsychotic/Benzisoxazole class. Ziprasidone antipsychotic activity, apparently because of dopamine and serotonin receptor antagonism.
  • Zinc Sulfate Syrup (Zinc Sulfate capsule) Information
    Zinc Sulfate medication belong to Mineral class. Zinc Sulfate acts as integral part of several enzymes important to protein and carbohydrate metabolism, wound healing, maintenance of normal growth and skin hydration, and senses of taste and smell.
  • Zileuton Syrup (Zileuton capsule) Information
    Zileuton medication belong to Leukotriene receptor antagonist reverse transcriptase inhibitor class. Zileuton attenuates bronchoconstriction by inhibiting leukotriene-dependent smooth muscle contractions.
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